by the end of 1991, the soviet union quizlet by the end of 1991, the soviet union quizlet

c. easy to lift out of homelessness assisting people with disabilities, Eduard Shevardnadze was Gorbachev's: After decades of heavy-handed control over Eastern Bloc nations, the Soviet Union under Gorbachev eased their grip. Gorbachevs decision to allow elections with a multi-party system and create a presidency for the Soviet Union began a slow process of democratization that eventually destabilized Communist control and contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union. . Berlin, the German capital city, was located deep in the Soviet zone, but it was also divided into four read more. They soon issued Resolution No. Gorbachev and his family were placed under house arrest by Gen. Igor Maltsev, commander-in-chief of the Soviet Air Defense Troops. Detente: A History of Ups and Downs in U.S-Soviet Ties, The New York Times. Corrections? A number of events and uprisings in the 1980 are led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Last, in the Soviet Union, the failed August Coup in 1991 led to the end of the Communist party in USSR. But by 1987, these early attempts at reform had achieved little, and Gorbachev embarked on a more ambitious program. When Mikhail Gorbachev was named general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) on March 11, 1985, his primary domestic goals were to jump-start the moribund Soviet economy and to streamline the cumbersome government bureaucracy. d. contribute to Republicans b. The Union was now truly a government formed by the will of the people. How did perestroika cause the Soviet Union to collapse? d. d. The army, perhaps the single most powerful opponent of Gorbachevs reform efforts, found itself back-footed by the stalemate in Afghanistan, and it lost whatever leverage it might have had in checking the advance of perestroika. a. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Yanayev claimed that the country had become ungovernable but hoped that his friend President Gorbachev would eventually return to his post. It also boasted an arsenal of tens of thousands of nuclear weapons, and its sphere of influence, exerted through such mechanisms as the Warsaw Pact, extended throughout eastern Europe. The U.S.S.R. an evil empire They were taken aback when Gorbachev refused and rebuked them as treasonous blackmailers. a. c. vice president Both Gorbachev and his wife, Raisa, later stated that they had fully expected to be killed. They had come to demand, in the name of the State Committee for the State of Emergency in the U.S.S.R., that Gorbachev sign a document declaring a state of emergency and transferring power to his vice president, Gennady Yanayev. Gorbachev also peeled back restrictions on foreign trade, streamlining processes to allow manufacturers and local government agencies to bypass the previously stifling bureaucratic system of the central government. At 5:00 pm Yanayev and the other coup leaders held a press conference. was inspired by a science-fiction movie Its population numbered more than 290 million, and 100 distinct nationalities lived within its borders. c. The article, I Cannot Forsake My Principles, was likely written with the tacit approval of several members of the Politburo, the highest-echelon of the Communist Party, and was seen as an attempt to destabilize Gorbachev. All Rights Reserved. The planned signing on August 20 of a new union treaty that would have weakened central control over the republics appeared to explain the timing of the coup. e. The dissolution was finalized on 26 December 1991, when the Soviet of the Republics of the All-Union Supreme Soviet declared the USSR had ceased to exist. To many voters in 1980, Ronald Reagan, in contrast to Jimmy Carter, seemed: upbeat. become a model for the rest of Central America surpluses in the federal budget This signaled the end of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States. Credit: Gerald R. Ford Library. minister of health During the Reagan administration, El Salvador fell to the Communists. b. Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev Meet Soon after Nixon's landmark visit to China in February 1972, he began a series of meetings with Brezhnev, then general secretary of the Soviet Communist. d. Bush telephoned Yeltsin and assured him that normal relations with Moscow would resume only after Gorbachev was back in office. The patriarch criticized Gorbachevs detention and anathematized those involved in the plot. . Gorbachevs additional reformswhich allowed for the creation of political parties and increasingly shifted autonomy and control to local and regional bodies, rather than the central governmentweakened his own base of support as the Communist Party lost its monopoly on political power in the vast Soviet Union. It was as if the whole country started watching televisionthe windows were open, and you could hear the debates coming out of apartment windows. In 1990, Gorbachev became the firstand onlyPresident of the Soviet Union. defense spending a. receiving large welfare payments Dmitry Medvedev the cold war test review flashcards quizlet . A Georgian Army soldier dances on a square in Tbilisi on April 10, 1991, after the republic declared independence from the Soviet Union. a. The heart of the matter is in the political systemand its relation to man. In the end, the tension between the newly empowered citizenry and a Soviet state with ruined credibility proved too much to overcome, and a last gasp coup attempt by Communist hardliners shattered the Soviet Union. capable of becoming more democratic while remaining Communist, forced the Soviets to spend extensively to keep pace, Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative: The Soviet Union's relatively small consumer sector accounted for just under 60% of the country's GDP in 1990 while the industrial and agricultural sectors contributed 22% and 20% respectively in 1991. The army that had bested Hitler and crushed dissent during the Cold War found itself frustrated by mujahideen armed with American surface-to-air missiles. Did you know? b. Economic stagnation had hobbled the country for years, and the perestroika reforms only served to exacerbate the problem. give away condoms and clean hypodermic needles the United States had to reduce its involvement in global affairs e. Eventually they split into Slovakia and the Czech Republic. George H.W. As human civilization spread across Volga, several autonomous regions - Soviet Republics - were formed. saying how much he would change Reagan's policies With the development of advanced technology came the ability to provide for all citizens. e. the psychiatric problems of Oliver North, Which of the following dramatically decreased in the 1980s? b. WATCH VIDEO: Russian Capitalism After Communism. Gorbachev held firm on a promise to end Soviet involvement in a war in Afghanistan, which the U.S.S.R. invaded in 1979. Whatever trust remained in the Soviet system had been shattered. Decades later, Gorbachev marked the anniversary of the disaster by stating, even more than my launch of perestroika, [Chernobyl] was perhaps the real cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union five years later.. Kuwait What measures was Jackson willing to take in response to South Carolina's threat to secede in 1832? a. c. c. balancing the federal budget. pour money into medical research Started in 1967 between President Lyndon B. Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexi Kosygin, the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), continued by Nixon and Brezhnev at their 1972 summit, eventually led to the signing of the SALT I treaty. He later issued a presidential edict declaring the coup illegal and the plotters criminals and traitors. Russian officials were not to obey the orders of the Emergency Committee. The 1991 Soviet coup d'tat attempt, also known as the August Coup, [a] was a failed attempt by hardliners of the Soviet Union 's Communist Party to forcibly seize control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet President and General Secretary of the Communist Party at the time. a. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Andrei Sakharov Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. All of these events led to the end of communism and the making of a democratic Russia. e. On December 25, 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev announced his resignation as President of the Soviet Union. e. Gen. Viktor Samsonov declared himself chairman of the Leningrad State of Emergency Committee and placed the city under military control. long-range nuclear missiles The new state, called the Russian Federation, set off on the road to democracy and a market economy without any clear conception of how to complete such a transformation in the world's largest country. helps explain his skill as a public speaker. Reagan's experience as an actor: a. Cuba . began to reassess U.S. support of Israel Gorbachevs decision to allow elections with a multi-party system and create a presidency for the Soviet Union began a slow process of democratization that eventually destabilized Communist control and contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union. d. Last, in the Soviet Union, the failed August Coup in 1991 led to the end of the Communist party in USSR. Reagan supporters 15 A woman protests on January 13, 1991, against the seizure of the TV tower in Vilnius by Soviet troops. A policy first adopted by President Harry Truman to limit Communism to the places already under Communist control. Reagan's personal popularity ratings The Cold War ended symbolically with the fall of the Berlin Wall. (USII.8a) T F T F The Soviet Union controlled countries in Western Europe during the Cold War. 4 How much did the Afghanistan war cost the Soviet Union? massive American casualties He encouraged Western investment, although he later reversed his original policy, which called for these new business ventures to be majority Russian-owned and operated. d. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! e. The coup leaders consisted of top military and . b. Creating an Outline Create an outline for an essay in which you explain why the physical reconstruction of the South was necessary. cold war summary combatants start end history web dec 25 1991 the term cold war first appeared in a 1945 essay by the . On August 20 Yeltsin issued a presidential edict stating that he was taking control of all military, KGB, and other forces in Russian territory. Lithuania had declared independence from the Soviet Union 10 months earlier. In the process, he won over Samsonov, who promised not to move troops into the city. e. Earlier arms accords, including the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty and 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, helped set the ground for future dtente agreements. Thousands of Muscovites rallied to oppose the plotters and the coup foundered. With stunning speed, the Iron Curtain was lifted and the Cold War came to an end. After 10 controversial years and nearly 15,000 Soviet deaths, troops fully withdrew in 1989. Identify the two figures of speech in lines 61-64 that personify the fish that make the fish seem human. While some Communist Party members reserved many of the seats for themselves, other hardliners went down to defeat at the ballot box to liberal reformers. Israel an army composed of Arab soldiers, The 1991 Persian Gulf War resulted in: On the 8th of September, 1991, 375,827 of the original 500,000 participants arrived on the world now called Volga, in the Rodina system. United States and the Soviet Union between 1946 and 1990. iron curtain. ignored what had happened, The Grenada invasion resulted in: interior minister This was followed by a February 1986 speech to the Communist Party Congress, in which he expanded upon the need for political and economic restructuring, or perestroika, and called for a new era of transparency and openness, or glasnost. Its downfall increased the United States influence as a global power and created an opportunity for corruption and crime in Russia. On January 21, 1990, hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians formed a human chain from the western city of Lviv to Kyiv to mark the anniversary of the signing of the Unification Act in 1919, which aimed to unify the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic into a single Ukrainian state. b. Gorbachev's decision to loosen the Soviet yoke on the countries of Eastern Europe created an independent, democratic momentum that led to the collapse of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, and then the overthrow of Communist rule throughout Eastern Europe. On the answer line, write the letter of the correct choice. ordering a military invasion to arrest him "Dtente and Arms Control, 19691979," Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. had become a model of Middle East stability and democracy In late 1987, the United States and the Soviets signed a treaty to eliminate: By the end of his presidency, Reagan had: Bush's goal as president seemed to be to: consolidate Reagan's policies and achievements. work with Communists Within a year, the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. In 1984 Eduard Shevardnadze had told Gorbachev, Everything is rotten. Last, in the Soviet Union, the failed August Coup in 1991 led to the end of the Communist party in USSR. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. pay for the release of American hostages In her opening address to the jury, the district attorney suggested a supposed motive for the defendant. Satellites conventional weapons Between August 19 and 22, a group of communist hard-liners attempted to overthrow Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and roll back democratic reforms. But he again reversed course when faced with pressure from hardliners after a massive strike by 300,000 miners in 1991. Mikhail Gorbachev c. e. were in monogamous relationships crack down on people having sex outside of marriage Soviet Union/Dates dissolved. The Yeltsin presidency (1991-99) The U.S.S.R. legally ceased to exist on December 31, 1991. President of the Russian Republic in 1991. A rally organized by the Popular Front of Moldova in June 1989, demanding that Moldovan be recognized as the state language. These events, and those of the months preceding them, were the . On August 23, 1989, an estimated 2 million people joined arms across Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in a protest against Soviet rule that became known as the "Baltic Way" or "Baltic Chain." After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied-Axis conflict, the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Warsaw Pact was declared at an end on 25 February 1991 and the Czechoslovak President, Vaclav Havel, formally declared an end to it on 1 July 1991. It is a widely held belief that Soviet defense spending accelerated dramatically in response to the presidency of Ronald Reagan and proposals such as the Strategic Defense Initiative. a. e. was regularly sending troops into northern Israel, When Islamic fanatics bombed and killed 241 U.S. Marines in Lebanon in 1983, Reagan: b. c. Crimean Tatars in Krasnodar, southern Russia, demanded that they be allowed to return to their homeland. Though he largely pursued a policy of peaceful coexistence with the West, the Cuban Missile Crisis began after he positioned nuclear weapons 90 miles from read more, An international diplomatic crisis erupted in May 1960 when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) shot down an American U-2 spy plane in Soviet air space and captured its pilot, Francis Gary Powers (1929-77). On August 5, 1963, representatives of the United States, Soviet Union and Great Britain signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons in outer space, underwater or in the atmosphere. Last, in the Soviet Union, the failed August Coup in 1991 led to the end of the Communist party in USSR. Mikhail Gorbachev: A Man Who Changed The World, East and West Germany were on the path to reunification, Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire, Macalester College and Michigan State University. Immediate Causes. criticized Reagan's handling of the economy, Revelations of the Iran-Contra affair indicated that Reagan had violated his pledge to never: c. forced the Soviets to spend extensively to keep pace The worlds first Marxist-Communist state would become one of the biggest and most powerful nations in the world, occupying nearly one-sixth of read more, Just six years afterMikhail Gorbachev came to power as General Secretary of the Communist Party and introduced reforms, the Soviet Union collapsed and newly formed independent nations arose from the ashes. e. c. If Gorbachev faced opposition from the entrenched hardliners that he was moving too far, too fast, he was criticized for doing just the opposite by others. Amplified by the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the thawing out of Cold War tensions by Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev marked a decade of improved relations between the nations, an increase in trade, and the negotiation and signing of key nuclear arms treaties. the collapse of the Soviet Union personal savings, in percentage terms, was the worst in American history, The collapse of stock prices that occurred on "Black Monday" (October 19, 1987): e. c. give the United States land for military and naval bases The 1975 Helsinki Final Act followed. having Panama expelled from the United Nations Then write ccc if the sentence is complex or cccccc if the sentence is compound-complex. c. What was the CCC? It was estimated that the Soviet black market economy was the equivalent of more than 10 percent of the countrys official GDP. pursue his own ambitious legislative agenda What went wrong? d. This event in 1989 marked the symbolic end of the Cold War and was the beginning of the collapse of communism in eastern Europe. b. c. A number of events and uprisings in the 1980 are led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Hungary, The fall of the Berlin Wall was soon followed by: poverty levels In Moscow some elite tank regiments defected and took up defensive positions around the White House. needlessly send troops into battle director of the KGB, In late 1989, all the Communist regimes of Eastern Europe toppled bloodlessly EXCEPT that of: Long Term Causes. What are the four major causes of the USSR Soviet Union collapse quizlet? Mikhail Gorbachev Becomes General Secretary Not since the short-lived New Economic Policy of Vladimir Lenin, instituted in 1922 after the Russian civil war, had aspects of free-market capitalism been permitted in the U.S.S.R. consolidate Reagan's policies and achievements Leonid Brezhnev On December 25, 1991, the Soviet flag flew over the Kremlin in Moscow for the last time. Did Afghanistan caused the collapse of the Soviet Union? Gorbachev, tear down this wall.. In May 1985, two months after coming to power, Mikhail Gorbachev delivered a speech in St. Petersburg (then known as Leningrad), in which he publicly criticized the inefficient economic system of the Soviet Union, making him the first Communist leader to do so. c. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. a. lie to the American people, The marine lieutenant colonel at the center of the Iran-Contra affair, Oliver North, was using profits from the sale of arms to Iran to: c. Cold War A state of military and political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union from the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. containment A policy first adopted by President Harry Truman to limit Communism to the places already under Communist control. enrich himself and some corrupt friends There was also an address to the Soviet people claiming that mortal danger hangs over our great fatherland.. False a. b. Most likely to support the Moral Majority would be: In late 1989, all the Communist regimes of Eastern Europe toppled bloodlessly EXCEPT that of: A high percentage of the homeless people of the 1980s were: A huge demographic factor behind Reagan's electoral success was: The Camp David Accords involved all of the following EXCEPT: the creation of a Palestinian state on the West Bank. E. Ended racism in the United States. That the Soviet Union was disintegrating had been subtly apparent for some time, but the final act began at 4:50 pm on Sunday, August 18, 1991. At 7:32 pm, less than a half hour after the conclusion of Gorbachev's speech, the Soviet hammer-and-sickle flag was lowered from outside the Kremlin for the final time. Instead, Gorbachev announced that they would be held just months later. A rally of thePeople's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) on September 30, 1990, demanding independence from the Soviet Union. The rise of Yeltsin and the foundation of post-Soviet Russia, Independence movements and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, https://www.britannica.com/event/the-collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union, History Ireland - The collapse of the Soviet Union, RT Russiapedia - Russia after the Soviet Union, Center for European Studies - The Fall of the Soviet Union, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 192291. c. secretary of state b. December 2021. e. Protesters began gathering around the White House, the Russian parliament building, and started erecting barricades. well as the country? There are still a few. Press J to jump to the feed. Examples. c. declared war on Islamic terrorists The problem that the United States and Russia still have to solve after the cold war is to prevent nuclear war by reducing nuclear weapons. A resident of Baku tears down a portrait of Lenin on September 21, 1991, nearly a month after Azerbaijan'sdeclaration of independence at the end of August. PRE-ASSESSMENT: OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR PROGRAM, Chapter 5: Industry and Competitor Analysis, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, AP World History Period 4 (1900-Present) Key, Modern World History Final Exam Study Guide. During USSR's economic crisis, military officials and politicians kept their luxurious lives while the general public suffered from extreme poverty. Draw one line under each main clause and two lines under each subordinate clause. c. This fueled the secessionist movements that proceeded, largely unchecked, to declarations of independence by all three Baltic states in 1990. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. What type of person do these comparisons suggest? d. d. c. The War in Afghanistan (1979-1989) has been called the Soviet Unions Vietnam War, a conflict that pitted Soviet regulars against a relentless, elusive, and ultimately unbeatable Afghan guerrilla force (the mujahideen). While Gorbachev had instituted these reforms to jumpstart the sluggish Soviet economy, many of them had the opposite effect. Fed up with the broken, corrupt Soviet regime and fueled by burgeoning nationalism, protesters demanded an end to Soviet rule and a new, more equitable society. Saddam Hussein remaining in power, Enter a title Enter a title Enter a title Ent, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, By the People: A History of the United States, AP Edition, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen. formerly wealthy But with the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Carter delayed ratifying it, as did Brezhnev, although both agreed to uphold the treaty. When did the Soviet Union come to an end? The Iran-Contra affair involved the illegal sales of arms to the Contra rebels in Iran. Explain. b. Poland could be cured with prompt treatment Its population numbered more than 290 million, and 100 distinct nationalities lived within its borders. remained firmly under Communist control despite communism's collapse in Eastern Europe a. Although relations between the Soviet Union and the United States had been strained in the years before World War II, the U.S.-Soviet alliance of 1941-1945 was marked by a great degree of cooperation and was essential to securing the defeat of Nazi Germany. d. affected only the United States Gorbachev's reelection eliminating poverty But as with economic reforms, many of these newly-elected reformers used their platforms to criticize what they still considered limited change. d. soon died The image of the Golden Arches in Pushkin Square seemed like a triumph of Western capitalism, and customers lined up around the block for their first taste of a Big Mac. d. Germany's reunification d. hypothetical. e. b. c. https://www.britannica.com/story/why-did-the-soviet-union-collapse. e. described Reagan as a lunatic and a liar Israel and India December 26, 1991 In August 1991, a coup by hardliners aligned with some members of the KGB attempted to remove Gorbachev, but he maintained in control, albeit temporarily. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. All but nine newspapers were banned. As the difficulties of half a decade of reform rocked the Communist Party, Gorbachev attempted to right the ship, shifting his positions to appease both hardliners and liberals. 2009. Afghanistan Gorbachevs perestroika program loosened centralized control of many businesses, allowing some farmers and manufacturers to decide for themselves which products to make, how many to produce, and what to charge for them. The Soviet Union and its affiliated Communist nations in Eastern Europe founded a rival alliance, the Warsaw Pact, read more, An arms race occurs when two or more countries increase the size and quality of military resources to gain military and political superiority over one another. b. 1 Why did the Soviet Union collapse quizlet? still had the world's largest nuclear arsenal e. Alarmed by the new U.S. policy read more, Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) led the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War, serving as premier from 1958 to 1964. A number of events and uprisings in the 1980 are led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. It has to be changed. The feeling was not an uncommon one. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The agreement limited the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) either side could have in their arsenals and allowed each nation to build two missile defense sites. d. abolished the Department of Education cut off oil sales to the United States to protest Reagan's pro-Israel policies a. Towards the end of the Cold War, the Soviet leadership realized it was going to end badly for them; American hegemony, the rise of capitalism, etc. members of Congress had to reduce their own salaries Informacin detallada del sitio web y la empresa: hunzaguides.com, +923008504627, +925813457050, +923335044414, +923015044414, +923438926352 Hunza Guides Pakistan - Tours, Trekking & Expeditions While this invasion continues, we and the other nations of the world cannot conduct business as usual with the Soviet Union, Carter said during his January 23, 1980, State of the Union address, announcing stiff economic penalties on the Soviet Union, a ban on permits for Soviet ships to fish in U.S. coastal waters, the cutting off of access to high-tech and agricultural products and other trade limitations. e. All Rights Reserved. Why did the Soviet Union join the Allies? c. The agricultural sector, for example, had provided food at low cost thanks to decades of heavy government subsidies. 19 When did the Soviet Union end? Yanayev headed an eight-member Emergency Committee. What problem did the United States and Russia still have to solve after the Cold War? soon pulled out the remaining marines Financially, it was estimated that the Soviet Union was spending $2 billion a year fighting the war. Soviet Union breaks up into 15 republics. c. Michael Ray oversees coverage of European history and military affairs for Britannica. He also showed initial restraint when laborers began to push for increased protections and rights, with thousands protesting the wild inefficiencies of the Soviet coal industry. secretary of the Treasury BBC and Voice of America broadcasts kept Gorbechev abreast of the coups progress and international reaction to it. persuading him to change his policies, The Gulf War was triggered by Saddam Hussein's invasion of: Omissions? c. Gorbachev: His Life and Times, by William Taubman (W. W. Norton & Company, 2017).Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire, by Victor Sebestyen (Vintage, 2010).Milestones of Perestroika: Spiegel Online.Greater Glasnost Turns Some Soviet Heads. Yeltsin appealed to the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, Aleksey II, to condemn the coup. This issue continued after the Cold War years in which both countries were engaged in an arms race to produce nuclear weapons.