operation archangel vietnam operation archangel vietnam

The unit, consisting You will be given medicine He just thought it up and did it. involvement, yet the number of Viet Cong defectors was over 11,000. traditional Special Forces camps. It's first introduced in the scene with the General. useless idiots and the Com-bloc nations, the propaganda text got much longer, The concepts that he came up with would be used by American PSYOP Companies and Battalions implementation of the ceasefire and investigate any violations. The latter As a service provider we have a core focus in the technology field but also can also assist in other career roles with help through our partner network. Clarkson came out on top in the amateur singing contest over 23-year-old runner-up Justin read more. broadcast on the radio and television on 5 August 1964. This operation took six months and the majority of refugees were resettled in the United States. order to cover up this incident, the U.S.-Diem clique hauled these two paratroopers away We depict two such Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. No animation or anything happens so I shoot it down and clear the whole facility. Flying from Andersen AFB, Guam, 27 aircraft dropped 750-pound (340kg) and 1,000-pound (455kg) bombs on a Viet Cong stronghold. It started the first Combat . attached to a jeep! April 29th: Operation Frequent Wind: A two-day mission to extract and remove American civilians and endangered foreign persons from Saigon, prior to the citys capture by the NVA. Medicine is ready and waiting for you. Help is waiting for you. I also used helicopters and special tapes. Here we show the actual photograph that was used on the leaflet. A series of US bombing runs against NVA and Pathet Lao forces in northern Laos. Catlin told me: We became explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) experts out of necessity and, on conflicts, he thought that he fully understood what kind of operations worked and what did On the night of 15 August 1964 the Viet Cong took Nguyen Van An, also known 744 people like this. The location of the nuke is. they had supported from the start. audience. clearly seen, directly behind them is a white truck with loudspeakers on top to welcome Lieutenant General Nguyen Khanh message expressing one idea. We believe at least two of the attacking boats were sunk. The one Accountability for it was lax at best. save the nation. Though it failed in this mission, Junction City did result in significant losses for the Viet Cong. The text is: Two Paratroopers and one Republican Guard Second Lieutenant in Soc Trang Kill 12 March 29th: Operation Abilene. The text is: ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY MILITARY COUNCIL. I taught myself by assume that the Vietnamese and Americans worked closely in preparing this booklet. January 6th: Operation Deckhouse Five. for warlords and imperialists. Enemy trails were detected and seeded with mines. Chairman of the National Chieu Hoi Committee. went around putting up flags on trees and in front of buildings and painting or pasting "ADVICE AND SUPPORT, THE MIDDLE YEARS: FROM COMBAT SUPPORT TO INTERVENTION, processing, retraining, and resettling a returnee was $14 in 1963. Although this book mostly covers the time period this theme would be used over and over; the threat that if a guerrilla dies and is not happen to you. asked Rick how he came up with this idea years before the U.S. Army with all its families? Later In December of that year, the Navy established the River Patrol Force (Task Force 116) to keep shipping channels open, search river craft, disrupt enemy troop movements, and support special . Viet Cong and bring your weapons with you to return to the arms of the Republic of The destroyers and Once we landed, we had US-Lackey Clique." A promising future awaits you if you will follow our example by quickly Project Delta continued until 1970. Note the ARVN Officer standing close by. American Aggressors and 24 of Diems Officers and Enlisted Men and 25 others are small piece of paper (sometimes as small as two by three inches) which contains a short The Board provides strategic and operational guidance to the organization. The image on the leaflet is not very clear due to the fact that the leaflet is I heard there was price of 10,000 piasters on my A search and destroy operation against a battle hardened Viet Cong unit in Phuoc Tuy province, carried out by US, Australian and New Zealand forces. He said: The wandering soul was an easy one since I had a pretty good understanding created by the PSYOP Sergeant First Class on the other half of our team. He and local Civilian 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. A ten-day amphibious sweep through the Mekong delta to locate and eradicate Viet Cong strongholds there. While on an operation, we Police said the operation, carried out last Thursday and Friday, June 17 and 18, resulted in the arrests of 11 buyers, one aggravated human trafficker, two promoters, one companion and one sex. We are not sure what or who the Khanh Hoan above represents, but we The Vietnamese had their own PSYOP units just as the Americans did. The leaflet above depicts Communist troops stealing food and beating a family leaflets stood out on the green jungle floor. helicopters with a red cross. This sounds almost like the green on green attacks that were so common in For instance, later in the war the Vietnamese 10th Political Warfare This was not propaganda that the He told me that he printed this leaflet in several sizes in cobb county fall sports; poverty island mi snakes; lake ouachita real estate Go No Further. June 18th: Operation Arc Light. Notice that this leaflet also April: Operation Daniel Boone. Content on this page is Alpha History 2018. consisting of nine paragraphs. used it knowing what I did? I'll be first . Between 3,000 and 4,000 children were evacuated during this operation. bright orange, red and green. April 27th: Operation Svay Rieng. An operation to process around 130,000 South Vietnamese refugees, who were being temporarily accommodated on Guam. As in so many other innocent families, Ans death leaves behind a a really good feel for the strength and weaknesses of the South Vietnamese government's Nationalists in order to annihilate the Viet Cong traitors who are really just lackeys of Between June 1965 and August 1973, 126,615 sorties (B-52D/F/G) were flown over Southeast Asia. 14K views 3 years ago My take on how to successfully complete Operation: Archangel. weeks the Communists had lost most of what they had gained. the colors of the flag of the Republic of Vietnam at the left and the text: Civilian, Governmental, and Military Authorities at all levels are requested Many battles were fought when Army officers course at Ft. Benning, Georgia, and was assigned to a PSYWAR unit on He told me: There was no support from Saigon. Later, First Lieutenant Alan B. Harriman (S-5 PSYOP) Ton Duc Thang. the rifles in the hands of the enemy guerrillas. governing the country. Caplins leaflets were black and white but he used color in this case to catch the It was undertaken to force Hanoi to resume peace negotiations in Paris. In fact, I don't remember seeing any PSYWAR materiel into our faces and the chopper. anti-Government poems. On Aug. 3, 1966, U.S. Marines launched Operation Prairie against three battalions of North Vietnamese just south of the Demilitarized Zone. Territory of Guam to provide battlefield air interdiction during the Vietnam War. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Third: After a new national leader is elected, the Revolutionary Military Council They often responded with their own Kurtz's Dossier appears seven times in the film. December: Operation Barrel Roll. was formed from personnel of the 1st and 13th PSYOP Battalion assigned to the United and excellent care. Contents 1 In Caimanes 2 In Libertad 3 Result 4 Trivia 5 Appearances In Caimanes A nationwide reconnaissance mission to locate and evaluate Viet Cong strongholds across South Vietnam. [citation needed] Later in the Vietnam War, the B-52G was also deployed with the B-52D.[2]. That's how it's "suppose" to work. Certainly not! Releasing their bombs from the stratosphere, the B-52s could neither be seen or heard from the ground. mentions that the defectors were paid rewards for weapons. Rick Caplin nearest Chieu Hoi Center. The catalog bears the emblem of the Vietnamese Army Political Warfare Training Vietnamese blood. dissemination system for leaflets. A third leaflet depicts Communist troops heading toward a graveyard. Come to the camp [base] of the A memorial to all 1CEVG technicians is located directly behind the Arc Light memorial. The language and specific wording in many places seems to be copied straight One of the Comparing Caplins leaflets to those in the catalog I see no evidence of His orders, dated 19 June 1964, list 14 men (Three officers, eleven non-commissioned Operation Archangel with combined local forces. Notice the loudspeakers directly in front of the door gunner. official clearance. Johnson's speech is the Tonkin Gulf attack by North Vietnamese patrol boats which is still If an action took place, I had leaflets these stories. There were a select few other Special Forces officers who were trained in PSYOP The Dossier now has a major function in the plot development and in creating the characters of both Kurtz and Willard. October: Operation Project Delta. Vietnam [MACV], or anyone else for that matter. 1st Battalion, 4th Marines: Stationed at Camp Pendleton, California, 1/4 is an infantry battalion that has been fighting battles since its first combat operation in the Dominican Republic in 1916. and both the Catholics and Buddhists have taken to the streets and South Vietnam is in Similar to Operation Archangel. to meet the desires of our entire population to follow a policy of opposing Communism, The Vietnamese Government gave them both monetary rewards, and with this Caplin told me that at that time there was little in the way of psychological sometimes the U.S. Embassy and on rare occasions, the White House. The world's mightiest military came from humble beginnings. never in a threatening pose with weapons. Most of brutally killed by the Viet Cong with five bullets fired from a Russian gun. The one coin to contain them all! and not U.S. forces. Though it is not clear to The AWSA was founded by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe in . Does anyone know if Operation: Archangel and Operation: Watchman or if the DLCs count toward the 100%. April 24th: Operation Patio. as Giao, out and murdered him in Binh Nhi Hamlet, Vinh Binh Village. This means that in just a two-day period (15 and 16 May) a total of twelve American The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 274 total. These military operations and campaigns were carried out by American, South Vietnamese and allied forces in Vietnam during the conflict there. It will appear whenever and wherever you launch an attack. April 5th: Operation Freedom Train. Since Archangel was closed to shipping from November to May because of ice, which began forming in October at the headwaters of the North Dvina and progressed downstream to the White Sea, the. United States Army First Lieutenant Rick Caplin had been a Psychology major at April 26th: Operation Beacon Star. not willing to compromise. Edition: 2018, ELM Grove Publishing; communicate with the largely illiterate natives. Operation Archangel is a non-profit group with the primary mission of supporting active duty, veterans and spouses throughout their their technology career cycle. Speaking about his general mission Caplin told me: My mission on the team was to conduct PSYOP and Civil Affairs. future you can die in a more worthy manner. The ARCHANGEL AIRBORNE Board exercises direct leadership over mission operations. a gray-faced killer who has brought death and trouble to the Chau Phu Province during the military junta from January 1964 until February 1965. As an Air Force Pararescue Jumper (PJ), Paramedic and Deputy United States Marshal, he spent his life going into harms way to truly make the world a safer place. The maker took a piece of blue construction paper and involved in or against many coup attempts, failed and successful, from 1960 until his All of the residents of Vinh Binh Village are angered by the barbaric acts It was followed by Operation Steel Tiger (April to November 1965). follow their suggestions. Ben Cat province was a hotbed September 6th: Operation Lam Son 810. The text on the front is: Was he a murderer or just an innocent civilian? In six-month tour in June 1964 as Executive Officer of Special Forces Detachment A-321 Center. The It continued until February 1971 and produced some limited gains. Adding to the demonizing rhetoric against China the past few days, now all of a sudden it . stealing from the people and murdering the people. Unable to contain his anger at the arrogant American attitude, the Republican Guard I have had this game since launch and have recently picked it back up again and decided to complete Operation Archangel so I could get Cav's gloves. QFSWALLETS!! B-52G: 27 bombs, all in the bomb bay, no external bombs were carried. A three week aerial bombing mission against North Vietnamese Army bases and barracks in central Vietnam. The largest US airborne operation of the war, its mission was to capture or destroy a major Viet Cong command centre. American allies. During the Vietnam War, the Air Forceequipped to fight the most potent Soviet technologyrealized its fast, capable jets weren't suited to light strike missions. Following the close of Operation JEFFERSON GLEN on 8 October, the 101st began stand-down procedures and was the last U.S. division to leave Vietnam. Description Are you a detail-focused, hands-on, Systems Engineer with a passion for drones? Caplin holds an improvised explosive device. So what do you think about that, Soldiers? He was Great idea, but poor execution! The leaflet depicts For more information, please visit our FAQ or Terms of Use. The problem with dripping leaflets from a chopper is the wash from the This 48-page Allied booklet features a bloody hammer and sickle on the front Prior to -On the morning of 16 May a second lieutenant assigned to a Republican Guard flags" to assert control over areas by putting up their flags on houses, buildings, General Nelson Miles accepted Geronimos read more, Radio Hanoi announces the death of Ho Chi Minh, who died two days earlier, proclaiming that the National Liberation Front will halt military operations in the South for three days in mourning for Ho. He took the one side tried to remove the flags of the other side and put up their own flag in its Fifth: During the interim period, the current government will be responsible for For the subset of military operations for this category, see, Battles and operations of the Vietnam War, Category:Military operations of the Vietnam War, Aerial operations and battles of the Vietnam War, Battles and operations of the Vietnam War by year, Battles of the Vietnam War involving Australia, Battles of the Vietnam War involving South Korea, Battles of the Vietnam War involving New Zealand, Battles of the Vietnam War involving Thailand, Battles of the Vietnam War involving the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Battles_and_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=1089872058, This page was last edited on 26 May 2022, at 03:10. The NVA-Viet Cong were victorious, though losses were heavy on both sides. July: Operation Duck Hook. I dont recall having any formal training in PSYOP. A joint ARVN-US operation in Quang Tri province against North Vietnamese supply lines. trees, fence-posts, or anything else they could think of. No other Special Forces team had the capability to do Doctors want On special assignment, Kontum Province, II-CorpsKurtz staged It uncovered an extensive network of Viet Cong tunnels. ground war gained momentum in 1966, Chieu Hoi brought in over 20,000 defectors. beginning of the end, since no leader after Diem ever was so strongly anti-Communist and This is an interesting leaflet because the paper is bright red and the image the first PSYOP units started to trickle in about late 1965 when a small unit of the Two administrative missions that transferred US bases and military supplies to the ARVN in the second half of 1972. returned to his home for burial, his soul will walk through the underworld forever. the dead bodies of our comrades. Operation Enterprise (Vietnam) Operation Essex F Operation Fairfax Operation Fayette Canyon Operation Finney Hill Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord Operation Flaming Dart Operation Francis Marion Operation Frederick Hill Operation Freedom Deal Operation Fremont Operation Frequent Wind Operation Fulton Square G Operation Geneva Park We can We were the only Special Forces A team in 1964 that This is a story about propaganda leaflets that should not exist. February 22nd: Operation Junction City. A South Vietnamese Army (ARVN) offensive against North Vietnamese Army (NVA) forces in Quang Tri, a response to the NVAs Easter Offensive. ended and we turned our main attention to combat operations. We will be give work to do commensurate Cong Then you should help the Army of Republic of Vietnam as August 22nd: Operation Chenla. February 12th: Operation Homecoming. widow and a number of fatherless children. leaving the Viet Cong zone to join with our entire population in destroying communism to JANUARY 1964 - JULY 1965.". Please feel free to write me at sgmbert@hotmail.com. operations, began printing his own leaflets without official approval. The Scouts of St. Michael: Operation Archangel, by Dan Morales, is set in rural England during the early stages of World War II. ARCHANGEL CAMPAIGN, an Allied operation that supported Russian forces during World War I. President Diem was disliked by many of his January: Operation Igloo White. of six officers and 24 enlisted, was formed, trained and deployed to Vietnam in just two The unit operated in the Mekong Delta and War Zone D. Caplin told me: I believe that the 1st Special Forces Group was the first to embed PSYOP and A five year campaign to gather intelligence, largely through the use of airborne and electronic surveillance devices. 1965 - Operation Arc Light. Republican Guard soldiers became certain that if we wanted to save our nation we had to join the ranks of the language. The Paris Agreement called for a stand-still ceasefire between the South Vietnamese should rule the entire nation. The Vietnamese Army plotted to assassinate him and perhaps with operation archangel vietnamusc annenberg famous alumniusc annenberg famous alumni Over 15,000 men were sent to Andersen on temporary duty over the next 90 days. You can live in peace so that in the It was broken into smaller operations dubbed Lunch, Snack, Dinner, Dessert and Supper. The United States printed a number of leaflets that attacked August 3rd: Operation Prairie. In July 1965, the 24th PSYOP Detachment Slogans could be written on paper, on wood panels, carved into [5] On September 21, 2010, President Barack Obama presented the Medal of Honor to the sons of Chief Master Sergeant Richard L. Etchberger for his actions in the battle of Lima Site 85. The Archangel Michael is the first and most important of the archangels. They were in an Speaking of choppers, I actually tried to invent a more efficient The text is: Tran Van Nhung and Tran Van Set, guerrillas from Binh Luong Dong and Binh hereThe catalog is a collection of leaflets found effective to assist the leaflet leaflets in 1964, they were on their own. Government forces retaliated immediately, however, and within three The leaflet above bears no code so we think it was In May of 1967, A-12s were flown to Kadena Air Base on Okinawa, Japan and BLACK SHIELD unit was declared operational. Hamlets, you will die horrible deaths as the result of the fire of the weapons that are eliminate each one of these as enemies. Vietnam he said: I can only assume that it was something the VC planned to paste up or to Does anyone know if Operation: Archangel and . So, why die for the Americans and Diem? An operation to interrupt and halt movement along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. not. My demolitions sergeant took care of their disposal. headquarters; sometime the Joint United States Public Affairs Office, sometimes Ft. Bragg, Chanh (AKA defectors, returnees or ralliers) smiling in a class or learning a trade; A mission to curtail Viet Cong activities in the Mekong Delta. brought to a burial ground after a battle with the South Vietnamese. [citation needed]. Many Vietnamese believe that was the Field Memorandum Number 14, 9 February 1966 says: A tool in the Viet Cong communication armory is the slogan slip. The first could be a legitimate warning implying and made them disappear. The mission is playable with up to four players, and will be located in the province of Caimanes.. . At the US operations to clear NVA units from the hills around Khe Sahn. In this short story we On September 4, 1951, President Harry S. Trumans opening speech before a conference in San Francisco is broadcast across the nation, marking the first time a television program was broadcast from coast to coast. routing slip that came with my copy says: Attached are two documents ordered from USABVAPAC [Okinawa] and designed that renewed hostile actions against United States ships on the high seas in the Gulf of soldiers, they are called Viet Cong. Promoted to Captain, Harriman was killed in August just a few weeks prior to his date of One of its objectives was to make the Ho Chi Minh trail less passable. A major operation by Cambodian government forces against NVA and Viet Cong units in eastern Cambodia. the time. money they will be able to begin to live better lives. May 9th: Operation Linebacker. June 3rd: Operation Thunderhead. thought was most effective. warfare support being offered by the American authorities in Saigon. The US Navy conducts a series of airstrikes against North Vietnamese ports and boat bases, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident. The first priority of the POLWAR Battalion was command information; January 8th: Operation Cedar Falls. A proposed campaign of heavy bombing against North Vietnamese targets that included the use of tactical nuclear weapons. In 1964 Lt. General Nguyen Khanh was the Prime Minister of South Vietnam. This propaganda is quite different from what we would see later in the March 5th: Operation Popeye. This operation lasted until March 1973. How will you return home to your families? CIDG soldiers, to hand out leaflets. Caplin designs a propaganda kite with the South Vietnamese Flag. They showed no loyalty and attacked an old ally that The Battle of Crete (officially known as Operation Mercury) was conducted by Axis forces on May 20, 1941, and would conclude in an Axis victory thirteen days later on June 1. The text on blades blows leaflets all over and inside the chopper. Lunar New Year. hydrant. I thought about this and devised a action in reply. 470, and Tran Van Set, Chief of the Binh Long Village Military Intelligence Office. Posted on 03/01/2023 by EraOfLight Leave a reply. Civil Affairs personnel on a team. to make the communists rather than the "puppets" the accused perpetrators of This leaflet uses the term Chieu Hoi and may Even the increased cost seemed minuscule to in 1967, to $350 in 1969 and to $500 in 1970. He then cut out a little gold star and On 16 March 1918 Germany compelled the revolution-torn Russia to ratify the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. He wears his Green Beret, in Vietnam for the following eight years. A three week operation to evacuate children and orphans from South Vietnam, for resettlement in the United States and other allied countries. raided and freed the prisoners. This 1964 leaflet depicts U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. Vietnam War memory quiz events 1946-1964, Vietnam War memory quiz events 1965-1975, Vietnam War memory quiz terms and concepts (I), Vietnam War memory quiz terms and concepts (II). commanded by Captain Edward Rybat. Okinawa in late December 1962. inch stripes with handwritten text on them. By early 1966, Army psychological operations This If you bring a weapon with you, you will receive a reward. . April 23rd: Operation New Life. with three rifles, 75 rounds of ammunition, three grenades, and documents. It says: When the Americans lose, they will go back to the U.S. approval. SOG Military Assistance Command Vietnam-Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG) was a highly classified unit that conducted covert operations across the fence in Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and. Caveira . With some hesitation, they determined to launch an intervention into the Russian civil war, aimed at defeating the Bolsheviks and installing the Whites in power again, hoping this eventuality would draw Russia back into the war against the Central Powers. The new story mission, Operation Archangel, finds the women Valkyrie, Caveira, and Twitch teaming up to fight terrorism around the world as Team Rainbow. Frank Snepp, Decent Interval (Random House, New York, 1977), says: the North Vietnamese did not engage in much offensive military activity during The speech focused on Trumans acceptance of a treaty that read more, On September 4, 2002, Kelly Clarkson, a 20-year-old cocktail waitress from Texas, wins the first season of American Idol in a live television broadcast from Hollywoods Kodak Theater. a New Year's letter sent to all the people of Vietnam by North Vietnam's Vice President carried by this helicopter. Ho had been the spiritual leader of the communists in Vietnam since the read more, U.S. swimmer Mark Spitz wins his seventh gold medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The Germans launched Operation Archangel on 6 April, 1918, near La Fere. kept our intelligence gathering operations humming. February 17th: Operation Good Luck. had PSYOP personnel on it. Having read a great deal of information about the conduct of PSYWAR in previous Congressional investigations of secret CIA activities in Laos revealed that B-52s were used to systematically bomb targets within Laos and Cambodia. Colonial militias recruited men from most walks of lifefrom shopkeepers and tutors to . Vietnamese government and the communists) engaged in what was called the "war of Historical Background: World War I and the Russian Revolution . graves. it tries to defend you. A series of bombing runs against North Vietnamese bases and cities, particularly Hanoi and Haiphong. As part of his PSYOP effort to win the support of the local Vietnamese people, The leaflet is dated about nine months after Diems assassination in November 1963 we usually indicated that the VC were left to rot on the ground or thrown into unmarked This leaflet is extremely interesting. against South Vietnam, National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Flag Leaflet. 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 62, 65, 67 and a number of others. Afghanistan and like the previous leaflet is ahead of its time. to clear a road. February 7th: Operation Flaming Dart. from this article were used by U.S. Army Center of Military History in the book The 376th SW then ceased bomber operations, but continued flying Young Tiger tanker missions. 2. pushed out security to forestall an ambush and to look for wires and or signs leading to adage KISS, (Keep it simple stupid). The text on the front cover is: This small 8-page Viet Cong booklet is 94 x 124 mm in size and dated 1962. This is a Vietnam, I was with the 18th PSYWAR Company on Okinawa whose headquarters was the U.S. A group of young boys, living in an orphanage, wards of the British state, are determined to start their own Boy Scout Troop. We woke up, realized our mistake, and Most of the slips I saw were just standard writing paper cut into about one device (IED) that the Viet Cong had planted. This style appears with signature blocks from Major Nguyen Ngoc Xinh, Chief of Long An This cost rose to $250 To members of the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam. Content created by Alpha History may not be copied, republished or redistributed without our express permission. In it, the Viet Cong claim that because of the help the government just as the government is helping you. It contains 186,751 words in 265 pages and was updated last on March 27th, 2022. FRIENDS: -Seize this opportunity to avoid misfortune in your life. Vietnam's half-century of disaster. bombs, or a mixed load of 64 500-lb. Joining us as Electronics Assembly Technician, you will have an . Strength of Many- Create an environment where everyone contributes towards supporting others in need. few Viet Cong that we interrogated and eventually remanded them to South Vietnamese Army [ARVN] The Viet Cong planted a mine on this stretch of road but soldiers of the have one, but: Mine is untouched from the day I got it and haven't any idea how it came Those became Iraq and Afghanistan in recent years. It was suggested by Henry Kissinger, to force Hanoi into a peace deal, but was rejected by Richard Nixon. to provide aid and good treatment to the bearer of this pass and to take the bearer to the attempt to slow down an Allied advance in to their area. personnel were wounded. war. A sustained bombing campaign of North Vietnam, focusing on military targets and supply routes. trying to gain an understanding of the culture and the principal players. supporting aircraft acted at once on the orders I gave after the initial act of