1 No dosing adjustments are recommended for patients based on renal impairment, pregnancy, or lactation status. Healthcare providers should also be aware of the resistance of certain variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Patients of older age with comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease are at much higher risk of developing severe symptoms and requiring hospitalizations than younger healthy individuals. See the Federal Register announcement for more information about the revoked EUA and NDA approval. Get the. Getprovider enrollmentinformation. Providers and suppliers may bill for the higher home payment rate when they furnish a COVID-19 monoclonal antibody product in a home or residence. This includes circumstancessuch as a Medicare patients permanent residence, temporary lodging (for example, hotel or motel, hostel, or homeless shelter), and homes or residences that have been made provider-based to the hospital during the COVID-19 PHE. Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England. For more information about the limits of authorized use for these monoclonal antibody therapies, including information about viral variants and antiviral resistance, review the following: The virus that causes COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is constantly changing, and CDC expects new viral variants to continue to emerge. In August, Florida launched the first mobile unit to provide monoclonal antibody treatments for coronavirus patients. [6] On April 5, 2022, the FDA announced that, due to the high frequency of the Omicron BA.2 sub-variant, sotrovimab isnt currently authorized in any U.S. region. [16]This receptor is found on the respiratory epithelium, upper esophagus, ileum, myocardium, proximal tubular cells in the kidney, and the urothelium of the bladder. Lenz HJ. Check the Batch # on the vial. On January 24, 2022, the FDA announced that, Sotrovimab (EUA issued May 26, 2021, latest update February 23, 2022). [19], The monoclonal antibodies developed act by neutralizingthe spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. A nurse enters a monoclonal antibody site, Wednesday, Aug. 18, 2021, at C.B. These monoclonal antibodies are usually given as an intravenous (IV) infusion at . There are now 21 clinics around the state, including two in South Florida in Broward and Miami . Laboratory-made monoclonal antibodies help stimulate your own immune system. Monoclonal Antibodies to Treat Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 The FDA approved or authorized under EUA the following additional investigational monoclonal antibody therapies: ACTEMRA (tocilizumab) (EUA issued June, 24 2021, latest update December 21, 2022). As a result, CMS issued a new product code for REGEN-COV of 600 mg (Q0240) and 2 new codes for the administration of repeat doses of REGEN-COV (M0240/M0241). This rate reflects information about the costs involved in furnishing these products in a patients home. Children younger than 12 years of ageUse and dose must be determined by your doctor. Effective for services furnished on or after December 8, 2021, the Medicare payment rate for administering COVID-19 monoclonal antibody products through intramuscular injection for pre-exposure prophylaxis (such as tixagevimab co-packaged with cilgavimab, administered as 2 separate consecutive intramuscular injections), in select patient populations, in a patients home or residence, is approximately $250.50. Providers and suppliers who administer REGEN-COV for PEP should use M0243 or M0244 for administering the first dose and M0240 or M0241 for administering subsequent repeat doses. Some people report mild side effects, like headache or stomach upset/nausea. They are accessible on an outpatient basis, via a single infusion or four injections. Tixagevimab and cilgavimab are long-acting monoclonal antibodies meant to directly target the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and block the virus' attachment to and invasion of your cells. For example, if you administer 200mg of tocilizumab in 1 infusion, you should add 200 as the number of units on the claim. COVID-19 VEKLURY(Remdesivir) in the Outpatient Setting. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. ( Monoclonal antibody therapy is not indicated in severe cases requiring hospitalization. The cause wasdemonstrated to be anovel coronavirus, called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). swelling. Evusheld is still being studied so it is possible that all of the risks are not known at this time. Most infusion-related reactions are self-limited and treated by stopping the infusion and symptomatic treatment. Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review. You should also refer to theCDC websiteand information from state and local health authorities regarding reports of viral variants of importance in your region to guide treatment decisions. If your hospice patients Medicare Advantage plan participates in the Hospice Benefit Component of the Value-Based Insurance Design (VBID) Model, submit claims for administering COVID-19 monoclonal antibody products to the Medicare Advantage Plan. Effect of Ivermectin on Time to Resolution of Symptoms Among Adults With Mild COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. It targets the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In clinical trials, mAb (Casirivimab/Imdevimab) treatment reduced the risk of hospitalization by 50% in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. The antibodies . Antibodies are parts of your immune system. Monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 have yielded positive in vitro results. Monoclonal Antibodies to Treat Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19. Monoclonal antibody treatments mimic our immune system's response to SARS-CoV-2 (the infection that causes COVID-19). .gov Serious and unexpected side effects may happen. For many providers and suppliers, CMS also geographically adjusts this ratebased on where youfurnishthe service. The antibodies themselves are proteins, so giving them can sometimes cause something like an allergic reaction. They seek out the antigens (foreign materials) and stick to them in order to destroy them. Monoclonal antibodies are proteins developed in a lab in order to fight off infections that our bodies aren't familiar with, like COVID-19. For dates of service on or after August 15, only bill Medicare if you use commercially-purchased products. Talk to your healthcare provider if you experience any of the following in the days after monoclonal antibody treatment: Chills Diarrhea Fatigue Fever Muscle aches and pains Nausea Vomiting Cytokine Release Syndrome The expert clinicians agree that my best hope is Humira (generic name, adalimumab), one in a class of drugs known as monoclonal antibodies that block the immune system proteins that make joints . This rate reflects updated information about the costs involved in furnishing these complex products in a patients home. Adverse Reactions This means your patients don't pay a copay/coinsurance or deductible: Sign up to get the latest information about your choice of CMS topics. [1]On January 24, 2022, the FDA announced that, due to the high frequency of the Omicron variant, REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab, administered together) isnt currently authorized in any U.S region. Effective for services furnished on or after February 11, 2022, the Medicare payment rate for administering COVID-19 monoclonal antibody products through IV injection (such as bebtelovimab) in a patients home or residence is approximately $550.50. Watch for Eli Lilly to release more information about future batch numbers. Providers may not furnish tocilizumab in the home or residence, including homes or residences that have been made provider-based to the hospital during the COVID-19 PHE. Sotrovimab targets a highly conserved epitope of the RBD that is present across the entire family of SARS-like coronaviruses. On January 24, 2022, the FDA announced that, REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab, administered together) (EUA issued November 21, 2020, latest update January 24, 2022). Health care providers administering the infusions and injections of COVID-19 monoclonal antibody products will follow the same enrollment process as those administering the COVID-19 vaccines. The highly contagious nature of the virus and its high potential for morbidity and mortality has overwhelmed hospital systems worldwide with hospitalizations and deaths. Monoclonal antibodies, such as casirivimab and imdevimab, may be associated with worse clinical outcomes when administered to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring high flow oxygen or. J0248 represents 1mg, and you should report units to reflect the dosage you administered for each patient. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. REGEN-COV (previously known as REGN-COV2), a combination of the monoclonal antibodies casirivimab and imdevimab, has been shown to markedly reduce the risk of hospitalization or death among. The chances of any of these side effects occurring after vaccination differ according to the specific vaccine. Continue to bill for administering either type of product. Shepard HM, Phillips GL, D Thanos C, Feldmann M. Developments in therapy with monoclonal antibodies and related proteins. CMS will continue to pay for COVID-19 monoclonal antibodies for post-exposure prophylaxis or for treatment of COVID-19 under the Medicare Part B vaccine benefit through the end of the calendar year in which the EUAdeclaration for COVID-19 drugs and biologicalsends. pain. Scientists have wondered if infection with SARS-CoV-2 could also result in the production of autoantibodies in people who didn't have them before they got sick. The FDA authorized the following investigational monoclonal antibody product underEUA for pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19: EVUSHELDTM(tixagevimab co-packaged with cilgavimab) (EUA issued December 8, 2021, latest update January 26, 2023). Salian VS, Wright JA, Vedell PT, Nair S, Li C, Kandimalla M, Tang X, Carmona Porquera EM, Kalari KR, Kandimalla KK. Common side effects of monoclonal antibodies include: Allergic reactions Chills Weakness Diarrhea Nausea Vomiting Rash Itching High blood glucose levels Cough Constipation Other side effects of monoclonal antibodies include: Shortness of breath Peripheral edema Headache Fever Muscle aches and pain Decreased appetite Increased triglyceride levels For more information about billing and payment for VEKLURY in the outpatient setting: Monoclonal Antibodies for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19. Beaver CC, Magnan MA. As a result, Medicare hasnt created a separate HCPCS code for billing for the higher Medicare payment amount for administering tocilizumab in the home. Administration ofSotrovimab should occur within 10 days of symptom onset. COVID-19 outbreak: history, mechanism, transmission, structural studies and therapeutics. See theEUAfor more information. These antibodies are typically. lock Theres no cost sharing for people with Medicare for COVID-19 monoclonal antibody products or their administration. They are exact copies of one . Yesudhas D, Srivastava A, Gromiha MM. Side effects may occur from mAbs treatment including rash, diarrhea, nausea, dizziness and pruritis (itchy skin). Side effects: Nausea is the most common side effect. A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine for Prevention of Covid-19. Managing Chemotherapy Side Effects: Achieving Reliable and Equitable Outcomes. There are several variants of concern that have been identified, such as the Alpha variant (B1.1.7 lineage, UK origin), Beta variant (B.1351 lineage, South African origin), Gamma variant (P.1/B.1.1.28.1 lineage, Brazilian origin), Delta variant (B1.617.2 lineage, Indian origin). Monoclonal antibodies, however, are produced by a single B-lymphocyte clone and are highly specific for their target antigen. In this article we take a closer . Monoclonal antibodies are free to patients and there have been almost no side effects. Swollen lips, face or throat. The interprofessional healthcare team must be familiar with the dosages and methods of administering monoclonal antibodies. Evusheld is the only non-vaccine with emergency use authorization (EUA) from the FDA to prevent infection from COVID-19 before you're exposed to the virus. Monoclonal antibodies are one such treatment that may . Thus far, a single intramuscular injection of the antibodies reduced symptomatic Covid risk by 77% compared with the placebo during the first one to five months of a planned 15 months of follow-up. For many providers and suppliers, we also geographically adjust this rate based on where you furnish the service. CMS expects health care providers to maintain appropriate medical documentation that supports the medical necessity of the service, including: Documentation that supports that the provider met the terms of the approvals or EUAs. Inpatient locations, such as inpatient hospitals, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, long-term care hospitals, and inpatient rehabilitation hospitals, would never qualify as the home or residence for purposes of HCPCS code M0221. When the drug enters your bloodstream, it blocks the ability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to . COVID-19 therapeutics can be used to prevent or treat eligible non-hospitalized patients who have tested positive for COVID-19 and have mild to moderate symptoms. Hypersensitivity, including infusion-related and . This is a kind of protein that can lock onto and disable a virus or "antigen." A successful antibody does usually one of two things: It blocks the virus from entering cells, and. The FDA approval and EUA for ACTEMRA also allows for 2 infusions for the same patient in limited situations. Infusion-related reactions are potential adverse reactions when administering monoclonal antibodies and are common with drugs such as rituximab. The FDA provides the information regarding proper dosing, storage, handling, and administration on the fact sheets issued for healthcare providers on the emergency use authorization for the three monoclonal antibodies that are currently available. [9][10][11]The only monoclonal antibody currently authorized for emergency use in the United States by the FDA is sotrovimab. Bayer V. An Overview of Monoclonal Antibodies. Not many people have received bebtelovimab. Xia ZN, Cai XT, Cao P. Monoclonal antibody: the corner stone of modern biotherapeutics. Our approach to paying for these products under the Part B preventive vaccine benefitduring the public health emergency (PHE) allows a broad range of providers and suppliers to administer these products, including but not limited to: To help skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) efficiently administer COVID-19 vaccines (including COVID-19 monoclonal antibody products) to residents, CMS has exercised enforcement discretion for certain statutory provisions and any associated statutory references and implementing regulations, including as interpreted in pertinent guidance (collectively, SNF Consolidated Billing Provisions). If you got the product for free, and your systems require a product code to bill for the administration, enter $0.01 for the billed amount. Medicare will pay approximately $450 per infusion when 2 infusions are clinically necessary. When administering monoclonal antibodies, theinterprofessional team must be prepared for adverse events such as transfusion reactions and anaphylaxis. We allow Medicare-enrolled immunizers including, but not limited to, pharmacies working with the U.S., infusion centers, and home health agencies to bill directly and get direct payment from the Medicare Program for vaccinating Medicare SNF residents. Monoclonal antibodies, like most medications, carry risks and side effects that you and your doctor need to weigh against any possible benefits. Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. See Limitations of Authorized Use. Prevention and early treatment for eligible patients can help improve patient outcomes, reduce stress on healthcare facilities, and even save lives. Because CMS considers monoclonal antibody products to treat COVID-19 to be COVID-19 vaccines, they arent eligible for the New COVID-19 Treatments Add-on Payment (NCTAP) under the Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS). Medicare will establish codes and rates for administering new products as the FDA approves or authorizes each product. For details about specific variants and monoclonal antibody resistance, review the Antiviral Resistance information in each of the Fact Sheets listed above. It isn't clear how long these effects might last. Medicare also pays for treatment to address major complications: For COVID-19 monoclonal antibody products administered before May 6, 2021, the Medicare payment rate is approximately $310. Possible adverse events of Evusheld include hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis), bleeding at the injection site, headache, fatigue and cough. Millions of vaccinated people have experienced side . [13][12][14]It has been proposedthat monoclonal antibodies may be associated with worse outcomes for patients requiring high-flow oxygen or mechanical ventilation; however, this is largely unstudied, and there is a lack of data that confirms this. [12]The full results of this study were published in October 2021. Monoclonal antibodies have been authorized for post-exposure prophylaxis, meaning they are used shortly after someone tests positive in order to prevent progression to severe disease. Note: On April 16, 2021, the FDA revoked the EUA for bamlanivimab when administered alone. The Food and Drug Administration authorized the first injectable monoclonal antibody cocktail for long-term prevention of Covid-19 among people with weakened immune systems before they have. ) However, if the patient is only in that location temporarily (such as if your patient has a permanent home but is in a post-acute stay in a skilled nursing facility), the setting isnt considered a patients home or residence for this purpose, and you shouldnt bill for the higher at home HCPCS code M0221. [25][26]One percentof the patients who received sotrovimab had infusion-related reactions. Most people experience no side effects from monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19. [22] The EUA for sotrovimab is for a single dose of 500 mg IV.[12]. By binding to the viral spike protein's receptor-binding domain(RBD), these antibodies competitively inhibit ACE2 receptor binding and prevent viral entry into the cell. Monoclonal antibody therapy is indicated for use in non-hospitalized patients with mild to moderate disease who have risk factors for progression to severe disease. As with payments for administering other COVID-19 monoclonal antibodies, the separate Medicare payment amount of $450 per infusion of ACTEMRA applies to all hospitals not paid reasonable cost for furnishing these products consistent with the FDA approval or EUA. Treatment Locator [20], Sotrovimab, also called VIR-7831, is the only monoclonal antibody currently authorized for use. Adults and children 12 years of age and olderAt first, 600 milligrams (mg) (two 300 mg injections) injected under the skin at different injection sites. [21], The major benefits derived from the monoclonal antibody therapies appear to be a reduction in viral load, hospitalizations, and death. [8]On January 26, 2023,the FDA announced that EVUSHELD isnt currently authorized for emergency use in the U.S. Get the most currentlist of billing codes, payment allowances, and effective dates. Per the fact sheet issued by the FDA for sotrovimab, the dosage authorized is 500 mg of sotrovimab as a single IV infusion administered over 30 minutes. If you give 2 infusions in the same day, you should include the total units for both infusions with the product code Q0249 on 1 line (per day). For most Medicare Advantage hospice patients, submit claims to Original Medicare. After receiving monoclonal antibody therapy, the patient must continue self-isolating and use infection control measures such as social distancing, frequent handwashing, mask-wearing, cleaning, and disinfecting high-touch surfaces to the CDC. HHS/ASPR has purchased supplies of . The effects also could lead to the development of new conditions, such as diabetes or a heart or nervous . They are considered a promising approach in managing nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of developing severe illness. soreness. These rates dont apply if Medicare pays you for preventive vaccines and their administration at reasonable cost (for example, FQHCs, RHCs, and hospital-based renal dialysis facilities). [5][6], Monoclonal antibodies have been identified as a potential therapy to prevent disease progression in patients at risk for severe disease. More Information about COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Products. Parasher A. COVID-19: Current understanding of its Pathophysiology, Clinical presentation and Treatment. Get the most currentlist of billing codes, payment allowances, and effective dates for currently authorized monoclonal antibody products. As a result, CMS issued a new product code for REGEN-COV (Q0244) and updated the descriptors for the existing administration codes (M0243/M0244). Mass immunizers may bill using a roster bill or a traditional claim form, such as a, Enrollment for Administering COVID-19 Vaccine Shots, Medicare Billing for COVID-19 Vaccine Shot Administration, SNF: Enforcement Discretion Relating to Certain Pharmacy Billing, Beneficiary Incentives for COVID-19 Vaccine Shots, CMS Quality Reporting for COVID-19 Vaccine Shots, New COVID-19 Treatments Add-On Payment (NCTAP), FDA approved a supplemental New Drug Application (NDA) for VEKLURY, FDA announced approval of a new indication for ACTEMRA, FDA announced that bebtelovimab isnt currently authorized in any U.S. region, treatment guidelines and recommendations for using monoclonal antibody therapies, Fact Sheet for Health Care Providers EUA of ACTEMRA(tocilizumab) (ZIP), Fact Sheet for Health CareProvidersEUA of Bamlanivimab and Etesevimab, Fact Sheet for Health Care Providers EUA for EVUSHELD (tixagevimab co-packaged with cilgavimab) (ZIP), Fact Sheet for Health CareProvidersEUA of REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab) (PDF), Fact Sheet for Health Care Providers EUA of Sotrovimab, ordering process and reporting requirements, Genentechs Antibody ACTEMRA (tocilizumab, AstraZenecas Antibody EVUSHELD (tixagevimab and Cilgavimab), most currentlist of billing codes, payment allowances, and effective dates, Section 3713 of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), most current geographically adjusted rates, most current list of billing codes, payment allowances, and effective dates for currently authorized monoclonal antibody products, most currentlist of billing codes, payment allowances, and effective dates for currently authorized monoclonal antibody products, New COVID-19 Treatments Add-on Payment (NCTAP), most current payment allowances and effective dates for these products. CMS identified specific code(s) for each COVID-19 monoclonal antibody product and specific administration code(s) for Medicare payment: Eli Lilly and CompanysAntibody Bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555). Monoclonal antibodies used for the treatment of COVID-19 target the viral spike protein, which prevents viral entry. Long descriptor: Injection, bamlanivimab-xxxx, 700 mg, Long Descriptor: Intravenous infusion, bamlanivimab-xxxx, includes infusion and post administration monitoring, Short Descriptor: Bamlanivimab-xxxx infusion, RegeneronsAntibody REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab)(ZIP), Note: This product isnt currently authorized[1], Note: While the product EUA was originally issued on November 21, 2020, these product and administration codes are effective July 30, 2021, Long descriptor: Injection, casirivimab and imdevimab, 600 mg, Short descriptor: Casirivi and imdevi 600 mg, Long Descriptor: Intravenous infusion or subcutaneous injection,casirivimab and imdevimab includes infusion or injection,and post administration monitoring, subsequent repeat doses, Short Descriptor:Casirivi and imdevi repeat, RegeneronsAntibody REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab) (ZIP), Long Descriptor: Intravenous infusion or subcutaneous injection,casirivimab and imdevimab includes infusion or injection,and post administration monitoring in the home or residence, this includes a beneficiary's home that has been made provider-based to the hospital during the covid-19 public health emergency,subsequent repeat doses, Short Descriptor:Casirivi and imdevi repeat hm, Long descriptor:Injection, casirivimab and imdevimab, 2400 mg, Short descriptor:Casirivimab and imdevimab, Long descriptor: Injection, casirivimab and imdevimab, 1200 mg, Short descriptor: Casirivi and imdevi 1200 mg, Long Descriptor: Intravenous infusion or subcutaneous injection,casirivimab and imdevimab includes infusion or injection,and post administration monitoring, Short Descriptor:Casirivi and imdevi inj, Regenerons Antibody REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab) (ZIP), November 21, 2020 TBDNote: While the product EUA was issued on November 21, 2020, this administration code is effective May 6, 2021, Long descriptor: Injection, casirivimab and imdevimab, 2400 mg, Short descriptor: Casirivimab and imdevimab, Long Descriptor: Intravenous infusion or subcutaneous injection, casirivimab and imdevimab includes infusion or injection, and post administration monitoring in the home or residence; this includes a beneficiarys home that has been made provider-based to the hospital during the COVID-19 public health emergency, Short Descriptor: Casirivi and imdevi inj hm, Eli Lilly and CompanysAntibody Bamlanivimab and Etesevimab, (ZIP), Long descriptor: Injection, bamlanivimab and etesevimab, 2100 mg, Short descriptor: Bamlanivimab and etesevima, Long Descriptor: Intravenous infusion, bamlanivimab and etesevimab, includes infusion and post administration monitoring, Short Descriptor: Bamlan and etesev infusion, Eli Lilly and Companys Antibody Bamlanivimab and Etesevimab, (ZIP), February 9, 2021 (reissued on February 25, 2021) TBD, Note: While the product EUA was issued on February 9, 2021, this administration code is effective May 6, 2021, Long Descriptor: Injection, bamlanivimab and etesevimab, 2100 mg, Short Descriptor: Bamlanivimab and etesevima, Long Descriptor: Intravenous infusion, bamlanivimab and etesevimab, includes infusion and post administration monitoring in the home or residence; this includes a beneficiarys home that has been made provider-based to the hospital during the COVID-19 public health emergency, Short Descriptor: An EUA for casirivimab and imdevimab for COVID-19. For patients who meet the criteria for repeat dosing, the authorized dosage is an initial dose of 1200 mg, followed by subsequent repeat dosing of 600 mg once every 4 weeks for the duration of ongoing exposure. On January 21, 2022, the FDA approved a supplemental New Drug Application (NDA) for VEKLURY,which expanded its approval for use in the outpatient setting. As newviral variants emerge, the spike neutralizing effects of monoclonal antibodies become more unclear. Monoclonal antibody therapy is not indicated for patients requiring supplemental oxygen or patients that already require supplemental oxygen thatare now requiring increased support.[13][12][14]. It was developed in 2013 in plasma taken from a patient who had recovered from the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS). Lenze EJ, Mattar C, Zorumski CF, Stevens A, Schweiger J, Nicol GE, Miller JP, Yang L, Yingling M, Avidan MS, Reiersen AM. An official website of the United States government The pharmacy staff should be aware of the proper storage and handling of the medications. To ensure access during the PHE, Medicare covers and pays for COVID-19 monoclonal antibodies under the COVID-19 vaccine benefit. [15]The virus gains entry into the cell by binding its spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors on host cells. On January 26, 2023,the FDA announced that EVUSHELD isntcurrently authorized for emergency use in the U.S. The most commonly reported side effect was diarrhea (1%).[22]. On December 23, 2022, the. Pregnant people. Ju B, Zhang Q, Ge J, Wang R, Sun J, Ge X, Yu J, Shan S, Zhou B, Song S, Tang X, Yu J, Lan J, Yuan J, Wang H, Zhao J, Zhang S, Wang Y, Shi X, Liu L, Zhao J, Wang X, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection. of confirmed cases reported to the CDC found that older individuals (65 years old) with underlying comorbidities have a much higher risk of hospitalizations than those without (45.4% vs. 7.6%).